"Eesti Vabariigi Põhiseaduse paragrahv 3 lg 1 esimene lause sätestab, et riigivõimu saab teostada üksnes PS ja sellega kooskõlas olevate seaduste alusel. Et mis tahes põhikohustuse ellurakendamine isiku suhtes riivaks paratamatult isiku mõnda põhiõigust ja kujutaks endast seetõttu riigivõimu teostamist, ei saa jätta põhikohustuse konkretiseerimist täitevvõimu hooleks, vaid see peab kuuluma seadusandja pädevusse" (põhiseaduse kommentaarid ptk 2, punkt 2.3).
Seega ametnike (sarnaselt muudele kodanikele) osalemine ühiskondlikus elus on kiiduväärne ja tähendab valmisolekut vajaduse korral ühiskonna hea käekäigu eest vastutus võtta, tähendab valmisolekut kerkinud probleemide lahendamiseks seadusandlike vahenditega.
Vastupidiselt negatiivne on käitumine, kus ametnikud - nähes küll oluliste asjade valesti ja kahjulikult tegemist - oma isiklikest huvidest ja karjääriedenemise ootusest tingituna aitavad valede tegevuste elluviimisele kaasa või kurdavad "riiki" tagaselja.
Ametnike ühinemisvabaduse rikkumise korral näeb karistusseadustiku § 155 ette rikkuja karistamist kuni üheaastase vabadusekaotusega ja ametnike valimisvabaduse takistamise eest näeb KarS § 162 ette takistaja karistamist kuni kolmeaastase vabadusekaotusega. Lisaks - kui niisugusteks rikkumisteks ja takistamisteks koostab või kasutab takistaja küll vormilt õigeid, kuid "valetava" sisuga dokumente (näiteks koondamise olukorras, kus koondamine ei olnud vajalik ja koondatav valiti välja sihtmärgina) - näeb KarS § 344 ja 345 nn intellektuaalse võltsimise eest kuni kolm aastat vabadusekaotust.
Seega on Eesti Vabariigis õigus vabale eneseväljendamisele seadusandja poolt kaitstud ja avalik sõnavõtt soodustatud, kuid kas olemasolevat seadust õiguskaitse ametnikud (kes küll aktiivselt menetlevad viinapudeli eest "hääle ostmist") ka rakendavad - selles võib tekkida küsimus.
Näiteks Kanadas on "pahade" ja "seotud" õiguskaitsjate kuritegude menetlemiseks loodud eriuurimisüksus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Investigations_Unit), välistamaks õigusorganite sisest uurimist takistavat ringkaitset.
Näiteks Kanadas on "pahade" ja "seotud" õiguskaitsjate kuritegude menetlemiseks loodud eriuurimisüksus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Investigations_Unit), välistamaks õigusorganite sisest uurimist takistavat ringkaitset.
Politseiametnike õigus vabale arvamuseavaldamisele on erinevates riikides erinevalt reguleeritud. Reeglina riikides, kus kehtivad piirangud, kompenseeritakse piirangud täiendavate hüvede andmisega. Kui hüvesid ei anta, siis piiranguid rakendada pole lubatud. Piiranguid võib rakendada ainult seaduse alusel ja kooskõlas põhiseadusega. Eesti Vabariigis kehtib politseiametnikele ainukese piiranguna keeld kuuluda erakonda (PPVS § 68). Muudele politseis töötavatele ametnikele, kes ei ole politseiametnikud, ei kehti ka see piirang.
Seadusandja vaatevinklist - kui tekib küsimus piirangutega seoses - on tark kirjutada seadusesse sisse nii lubatud kui keelatud tegevused. Eesti seadusandja selleks ei ole seni näinud vajadust (eeldatakse, et kõik mis pole keelatud, on lubatud).
Kuid niisuguse lubatud ja keelatud tegevuste loetelu on politseiseadusesse põhjalikult sisse kirjutatud näiteks Kanadas (Police Services Act, punktid 11-18):
Kuid niisuguse lubatud ja keelatud tegevuste loetelu on politseiseadusesse põhjalikult sisse kirjutatud näiteks Kanadas (Police Services Act, punktid 11-18):
Political rights
(a) vote in an election;
(b) be a member of or hold office in a political party or other organization engaged in political activity;
(c) make contributions of money or goods to,
(i) a political party or other organization engaged in political activity, or
(ii) a candidate in an election. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 11.
Activities while not on duty
12. (1) A municipal police officer who is not on duty and who is not in uniform may engage in the following political activities:
1. Expressing views on any issue not directly related to the police officer’s responsibilities as a police officer, as long as the police officer does not,
i. associate his or her position as a police officer with the views, or
ii. represent the views as those of a police force.
2. Attending and participating in a public meeting, including,
i. a meeting with elected representatives or government officials, or
ii. a meeting with candidates in an election.
3. Attending and participating in a meeting or convention of a political party or other organization engaged in political activity.
4. Canvassing on behalf of a political party or other organization engaged in political activity, or on behalf of a candidate in an election, as long as the police officer does not solicit or receive funds on behalf of the party, organization or candidate.
5. Acting as a scrutineer for a candidate in an election.
6. On the polling day of an election, transporting electors to a polling place on behalf of a candidate.
7. Engaging in any other political activity, other than,
i. soliciting or receiving funds, or
ii. political activity that places or is likely to place the police officer in a position of conflict of interest. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 12 (1).
(2) The expression of views in the course of an activity mentioned in paragraphs 2 to 7 of subsection (1) is subject to paragraph 1 of that subsection. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 12 (2).
Authorized activities
13. If authorized to do so by the police services board or chief of police, a municipal police officer may, on behalf of the police force,
(a) express views on any issue, as long as the police officer does not, during an election campaign, express views supporting or opposing,
(i) a candidate in the election or a political party that has nominated a candidate in the election, or
(ii) a position taken by a candidate in the election or by a political party that has nominated a candidate in the election; and
(b) subject to clause (a), attend and participate in a public meeting. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 13.
Appointments, etc.
(a) be appointed to or be a candidate for election to a local board as defined in the Municipal Affairs Act, other than a police services board;
(b) serve on a local board as defined in the Municipal Affairs Act, other than a police services board; and
(c) engage in political activity related to the appointment, candidacy or service mentioned in clause (a) or (b). O. Reg. 268/10, s. 14 (1).
(a) interferes with the police officer’s duties as a police officer; or
(b) places or is likely to place the police officer in a position of conflict of interest. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 14 (2).
Application
15. Sections 16, 17 and 18 apply to a municipal police officer other than a chief of police or a deputy chief of police. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 15.
Candidacy for election
16. (1) A municipal police officer may be a candidate, or may seek to become a candidate, in a federal or provincial election or in an election for municipal council only while on a leave of absence granted under subsection (2). O. Reg. 268/10, s. 16 (1).
(2) A municipal police officer who seeks to become a candidate in a federal or provincial election or in an election for municipal council shall apply to the board of the municipality in which he or she is employed for a leave of absence without pay and the board shall grant the leave of absence. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 16 (2).
(3) Despite subsections (1) and (2), a municipal police officer may seek to become a candidate or may be a candidate in an election for municipal council without taking a leave of absence if,
(a) the election is in a municipality that does not receive police services from the municipality in which the police officer is employed; and
(b) seeking to become or being a candidate does not interfere with the police officer’s duties as a police officer and does not place, or is not likely to place, the police officer in a position of conflict of interest. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 16 (3).
(4) Regardless of whether a leave of absence is required under this section, a board shall grant any leave of absence that a municipal police officer requests if the leave is to enable the police officer to seek to become a candidate or to be a candidate in an election for municipal council. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 16 (4).
(5) The following rules apply to a leave of absence granted to a municipal police officer under subsection (2) or (4):
1. A leave of absence shall begin and end on the dates specified in the police officer’s application, subject to paragraphs 2, 3, and 4.
2. A leave of absence granted to enable a police officer to be a candidate in an election for municipal council shall not begin earlier than 60 days before polling day or continue after polling day.
3. A leave of absence granted to enable a police officer to be a candidate in a federal or provincial election shall not begin earlier than the day on which the writ for the election is issued or later than the last day for nominating candidates under the applicable provincial or federal statute and shall not continue after polling day.
4. A leave of absence granted to enable a police officer to seek to become a candidate in a federal or provincial election or in an election for municipal council shall not continue after the day the police officer withdraws from or loses the nomination campaign or, if the police officer wins the nomination, after polling day. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 16 (5).
Resignation upon election
17. (1) A municipal police officer who is elected in a federal or provincial election or in an election for municipal council shall immediately resign as a police officer. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 17 (1).
(2) Despite subsection (1), a municipal police officer need not resign as a municipal police officer upon being elected in an election for municipal council if,
(a) the police officer is elected a member of the municipal council of a municipality that does not receive police services from the municipality in which the police officer is employed; and
(b) being a member of the municipal council does not interfere with the police officer’s duties as a police officer or does not place, or is not likely to place, the police officer in a position of conflict of interest. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 17 (2).
(3) A municipal police officer who is elected in an election for municipal council and who, as permitted by subsection (2), does not resign as a police officer,
(a) shall not take part at any meeting of the municipal council in the discussion of, or vote on, any question relating to the budget for a police services board under section 39 of the Act; and
(b) shall not attempt in any way, whether before, during or after a meeting of the municipal council, to influence the voting on any such question. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 17 (3).
(4) A former municipal police officer who resigns in accordance with subsection (1) and later ceases to be an elected political representative is entitled, on application, to be appointed to any vacant position on the police force for which he or she is qualified under section 43 of the Act. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 17 (4).
(a) ceases to be an elected political representative within,
(i) in the case of a former police officer who was elected in a federal or provincial election, five years after resigning as a police officer,
(ii) in the case of a former police officer who was elected in an election for municipal council, three years after resigning as a police officer; and
(b) makes an application to be reappointed to the police force within 12 months after ceasing to be an elected political representative. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 17 (5).
(6) Another person’s right to be appointed or assigned to a position on the police force by virtue of a collective agreement prevails over the right conferred by subsection (4). O. Reg. 268/10, s. 17 (6).
Effect of absence on length of service
18. (1) The period of a leave of absence granted under subsection 16 (2) or (4) shall not be counted in determining the length of the police officer’s service, but the service before and after the period of leave shall be deemed to be continuous for all purposes. O. Reg. 268/10, s. 18 (1).
(2) Subsection (1) applies, with necessary modifications, to a police officer who has resigned and subsequently been reappointed to the police force in accordance with subsection 17 (4). O. Reg. 268/10, s. 18 (2).
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